简介

With the rapid development of global economy，environmental pollution is more serious than before，which becomes highlight on society and economy. So the strategy of sustainable development becomes the priority choice for all nations. But because sustainable development in society and economy depends on sustainability of ecosystems and its services，it is urgent to realize the sustainability of ecosystem services at present.Ecosystem is most important in the creature cycle. It not only provides us with many kinds of commodities，but also plays an important role in sustaining livings and dynamically environmental balance. But people used to focus on private economic profit of ecosystem services，and pay less attention to its public benefits.So，it is necessary to do some research on private and public economic benefits of ecosystem services. Accurate economic value of ecosystem services helps to take reasonable measure in exploiting resources，and to get rid of the economic behavior in short run that do harm to the ecosystem services，as well as to create awareness in the public consciousness of environmental protection in order to realize environment-friendly society. Meanwhile，the further research on valuation of ecosystem services helps to interpret the characters of ecosystem services and its effect on society，and enrich the theory of ecology and economics.In fact，since it is useful and important for government and the public to sustain ecosystem services，many researchers attempt to bring it into economic research regarding it as rare resources and to interpret the value of ecosystem services. But the research on ecosystem services is the most complex task at present because it takes nature and characters of ecosystem services，and social and economic situation，and so on，into account. So be faced with many uncertain situations，the research on ecosystem services must be based on much previous research and combined with multi-disciplines research.And there are unique natural environment and complicated types of ecosystem in China. And China is faced with serious ecological problems and urgent task on recovery of ecosystems. So，under Chinese reality and sustainability strategy，the researchers should put forward methods and indices of valuation of Chinese ecosystem services in order to evaluate the ecosystem services in China accurately.The dissertation exerts on principal theory and methods of microeconomics，ecological economics，environmental economics and statistics in order to paraphrase theoretic and methodological base of ecosystem services. At the same time，the dissertation discusses predicaments of valuation of ecosystem services under Chinese circumstance according to nature of goods in economics. And then the dissertation puts forward system of methods of valuation of ecosystem services in theory.In order to take full advantage of theoretic analysis as it is stated above，the dissertation takes the Qixinghe Wetland in Heilongjiang Province as an example. The study on valuation of wetland ecosystem services is the most urgent and important research because the threat to wetland is the most serious all over the world at present. Meanwhile，the structure of the Qixinghe wetland is still in its integrity. There are large marsh and rich vegetables and animal in Qixinghe wetland. Qixinghe wetland，which is rich in scientific data，has the better basis of scientific study than other places in China. Hence the dissertation estimates the value of ecosystem services of Qixinghe wetland in Heilongjiang Province.There are several aspects to be analyzed in the dissertation as follows：Firstly，the dissertation analyses the theoretic and methodological basis of valuation of ecosystem services. Using the principals in ecological economics，it describes the meaning of ecosystem services. And then it defines all kinds of ecosystem services such as providing organic matter；water cycling；protection of soil and so on. On the basis of analysis as it is stated above，the dissertation interprets the basic theory and methodology with regard to valuation of ecosystem services.Secondly，the dissertation discusses the predicaments of valuation of ecosystem services. From economic viewpoint，the nature of ecosystem services belongs to public goods. So when the valuation of ecosystem services is mentioned，it leads to many obstacles such as lack of sufficient prerequisite that is necessary for valuation of ecosystem services，statistical straits and estimation of unit value and so on. In addition，it is difficult to value the negative effects of ecosystem services under scientific situation.Thirdly，the dissertation puts forward methodological system of valuation of ecosystem services. Base on analysis of the predicaments of valuation of ecosystem services situation，the dissertation discusses its strengths and weaknesses，and its application. So the dissertation proposes the definition of the ecosystem core services，and standardizing the principles and procedure of how to choose methods of valuation of ecosystem services.Fourthly，the dissertation estimates the value of Qixinghe wetland in China. The dissertation describes the ecosystem services of wetlands in China，and explains the reasons why taking the Qixinghe wetland as an example，and analyses social，economic and environmental situations of Qixinghe wetland. Based on the theoretic and methodological analysis as is stated above，the dissertation puts forward methodologies of valuation of Qixinghe wetland services. At last，the dissertation estimates the value of Qixinghe wetland services such as use and non-use value and relative value in contrast to economic value of agricultural development.Finally，Based on analysis the result of valuation of Qixinghe wetland services，the dissertation indicates some countermeasures in the valuation of ecosystem services in China and some future research fields.Some innovations in the dissertation：（1）At present，there are some straits in the valuation of ecosystem services which make it difficult to estimate the value of ecosystem services. So the government and the public discredit the results of valuation of ecosystem services. Therefore，to improve the valuation of ecosystem services，the dissertation defines the core ecosystem services. And it analyses the economical and practical criteria in order to standardize the indices of valuation of ecosystem services. Actually，the definition of ecosystem core services helps to avoid unreasonable results of valuation of ecosystem services because of different indices，and make improvement in standardization of relative methods in order to realize dynamic valuation of ecosystem services and enhance the availability of relative results in practice.（2）Standardization of how to choose methods of valuation of ecosystem services. According to the definition of ecosystem core services，the dissertation puts forward the principles and procedure of choosing methods of ecosystem services. Among them，the principles include six items such as practical test，comprehensive data，technological and institutional guarantee，objectivity and availability of relative methods. And the procedure includes six steps as followings：①knowledge of basic surroundings of valuation；②understanding of surroundings of ecosystem services；③defining all kinds of ecosystem services；④putting forward ecosystem core services of valuation；⑤selecting relative methods in theory according to ecosystem core services；⑥choosing practical methods.（3）The dissertation makes progress in practical valuation of ecosystem services. According to the hypothesis of reasonable consumption in economics and relative studies，the dissertation joins Willing To Pay（WTP）and Willing To Accept（WTA）together to estimate non-use value of the Qixinghe wetland. Actually，according to the hypothesis of “Free rider”，WTP is regarded as minimum of its value. Correspondingly WTA is regarded as maximum of its value.Concerning to accurate value of the Qixinghe wetland，the dissertation applies the method of relative valuation of ecosystem services in contrast with absolute（dollar-based）ecosystem valuation to estimate use value of the Qixinghe wetland on basis of economic value of agricultural development in the Qixinghe wetland. The relative ecosystem valuation can reflect aggregate WTP and relative preferences for mix of services，and take account of aggregate ecosystem services of the Qixinghe wetland in order to meet with application of environmental administration.（4）The researcher asks respondents by ways of questionnaire what should be WTP and WTA each in hectare of the Qixinghe wetland.So the value of each hectare is a unit of aggregate value of the Qixinghe wetland，which avoids the variation of result because of variation of the unit of value and the public to lack trust to the results of valuation.（5）Using interval value to estimate the value of the Qixinghe wetland. In many researches，it used to regard some concrete variable as the statistic results，which causes error of valuation of ecosystem services. Hence，the dissertation uses some interval by ways of two kinds of methodological system to estimate its value，which makes governments apply relative results to social，economic and environmental administration.Key words：ecosystem core services；methods of valuation；choice of methods；the Qixinghe wetland；value of wetland。